Dewey is one of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the founders of functional psychology. A Review of General Psychology survey published in and ranked Dewey as the 93rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. A well-known public intellectual, he was also a major voice of progressive education and liberalism.
Although Dewey is known best for his publications about education, he also wrote about many other topics, including epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, art, logic, social theory, and ethics. An early proponent of the progressive education movement of John Dewey, Counts became its leading critic affiliated with the school of Social reconstructionism in education.
Counts is credited for influencing several subsequent theories, particularly critical pedagogy. Counts wrote dozens of important papers and 29 books about education. He was also highly active in politics as a leading advocate of teachers' unions, the head of the American Federation of Teachers, the founder of the New York State Liberal Party, and as a candidate for the U.
He was the husband of novelist Maude Hutchins. Although his father and grandfather were both Presbyterian ministers, Hutchins became one of the most influential members of the school of secular perennialism. The true purpose of education is to stimulate and encourage students to think carefully about important ideas 4. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".
Piaget placed great importance on the education of children. As the Director of the International Bureau of Education, he declared in "only education is capable of saving our societies from possible collapse, whether violent, or gradual.
Educators continue to incorporate constructionist-based strategies. Sensorimotor, form age eighteen months to two years 2. Preoperational, from two to seven years 3.
Concrete operations, from seven to eleven years 4. Formal operations, from eleven to fifteen years 4. As a steward of wealth, the good man would use his income wisely and for the enlightenment of his fellows. Punctuality and thrift. Students sat on benches.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Metaphysics 6. The teacher asks the wrongdoer what would happen if everyone behaved as he does. Is he setting a good example for his classmates to follow? Regular 2. Special 3. Supervisor and Organizer of all Personnel 2.
Makes recommendations 3. Ensures compliance with directives from higher authorities 4. Prepares the school budget for board review 5. Serves as leader of long range planning 6. Develops and evaluates curriculum and instructional program 7.
Determines internal organization of the school district 8. To enhance school-community relations; 2. To provide greater community input at the local level; 3. To provide local schools with more field and resource personnel; 4. To provide efficient maintenance and support for local schools 5. To reduce administrative span of control; 6. To provide greater linkages between local schools and the central school board 7.
To redirect spending for local school needs 8. To provide greater curriculum continuity from Kindergarten through Grade 12 8. Political Parties 2. National and State Commissions 3. Pressure and Lobbying Groups 4. Professional Groups 5. Private Foundations 6. Colleges and Universities 7. Textbook Publishers and Authors 8. Opinion Poll Agencies Educational Consultants Research Community Citizen Groups 8.
The charges or allegations of the plaintiffs the persons who sue determine where case heard. Both federal and state court usually requires that perspective litigants exhaust all administrative avenues available for resolution before involving to court system. The term means that their reemployment for next year is guarantee unless school officials give notice by a special date that the contract will not be renew.
Under tort law, individuals who have suffered through the improper conduct of other may sue for damages. But rising drug use in school and accompanying acts of violence have led some school officials to install metal detectors or X-ray machines to search for weapons. Four Amendment which help people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects.
Generalized canine sniffing of students is permit only when the dogs do not touch them. Supreme court has permitted drug testing of students engaged in other extracurricular unusual activities.
They believed that the courts place too much emphasis on students rights and too little on the need for school discipline. States have passed various kinds of legislation to regulate nonpublic school. They require the employment of certified teachers; specify the number of days or hours the school must be in session insist that schools meet state accreditation standards.
Meaning that individuals have rights to hold and freely practice their religious beliefs by anyhow, they want to do it. Such cases can heard in both federal and state courts depending on the issues involved. Only opinions of the U. Supreme Court apply nationally. These grounds include incompetency, immorality, insubordination, and unprofessional conduct. Teachers accused of such conduct are entitled to due process protections.
Teachers still are expecting to serve as role models and to behave in an exemplary manner. Definite standards must uphold to avoid legal suits charging negligence when students are injured. In addition, teachers must obey copyright laws. For example, government may provide textbooks, tests, and psychological services for students at nonpublic schools, but it may not provide funds for field trips, projectors, science kits, or maps.
Providing the latter is through to entangle church and state. School districts have an obligation to act affirmatively in providing equal opportunity to minorities and women. Teachers have an obligation to help ensure that equal opportunities are available to minority group members and females. Communications and the economy are becoming globalize career success request increasingly advanced skills, immigration has accelerated in the United States and many other countries, and family patterns today differ greatly from those thirty years ago.
Each such change has a major impact on education from elementary school through university. The family, of course is most important for young children, but in modern societies, formal institutions also help determine what a child learns and how well he or she is prepared to function in society.
For many societies, the most important historically have been the church, peer group, school and of course family. Others do poorly, in part because they have been poorly prepared and the schools generally have failed to help them overcome this disadvantage.
A few studies assess little measurable impact on children, but most others find a variety of negative effects, including a greater likelihood that families will fall into poverty and that children will suffer serious emotional and academic problems.
Some observers conclude that modern marriage is a roulette game, as likely as not to land children in single-parent families. Responses to this problem include raising the age for enrolling in kindergarten and retaining five-year-olds not ready to advance to first grade for an additional year in kindergarten. As we noted in the chapter on Legal Aspects of Education, as a teacher, you will have a major responsibility to report any evidence that a student is maltreat.
Peer culture frequently works against academic goals at school. Students are tested and evaluated; they are tell when to sit, when to stand, how to walk through hallways, and so on.
The classroom is generally organizes as a group that the teachers treats as a whole. These patterns become increasingly rigid and predominant as students proceed through the grades.
The reasons they have offered include the following: 1. Institutional requirements to maintain order 2. Student preferences for passive learning 3. Accommodations, bargains, and compromises between students and teachers. Teacher overload Boys receive many more reprimand from teachers than do girls do, and by the time students enter the secondary grade, boys greatly outnumber girls in remedial class and in classes for those with emotional disturbances.
Furthermore, verbal skills of the kind in which girls tend to excel failed to prepare them for success in mathematics.
It indicates that female gains in mathematics probably are partly due to greater participation in math courses during the past few decades. Women also use the right hemisphere more in verbal function. Youth has become a separate stage of life markedly by immersion in various subculture and teenage drug use and drinking, suicide, pregnancy, delinquency, and violence raise serious concerns about the development of adolescent and youth both inside and outside the school.
Although the situation is complicated and research has not been conclusive, increase in single-parent families and in the number of mothers who work appear to be having a negative effect for many students, while the decline in the fertility rate and in size of the family may be having a positive effect.
This happens in part because schools are institutions that must maintain orderly environments, because many students prefer passive learning, teachers generally cannot attend to the learning needs of all students very adequately, because little practical knowledge has been available on how to change this situation, and students must learn to function within the rules and regulations of organizations and groups.
The effects of video games, movies, and other mass media and the larger cultural effects of mass media should not understand. However, educational and occupational opportunities for women have been improving rapidly. Although differences in school achievement by sex have been declining, there may be some sex differences in ability patterns regarding verbal skills favoring females and abilities related to advanced mathematics favoring males -In some ways, youth has become a separate stage of life marked by discernible subcultures involving adolescents and young adults.
Problems involving drugs and drinking, suicide, delinquency, and related behaviors raise serious concerns involving the development of adolescents and youth both inside and outside the school.
They found that parents' social class had a bigger influence on a child's progress between the ages of five and seven than a range of parenting techniques, including reading before bedtime.
Alice Sullivan, the main author of the study, said the research showed that "while parenting is important, a policy focus on parenting alone is insufficient to tackle the impacts of social inequalities on children". This contradicts comments made in August this year by Nick Clegg, the deputy prime minister, who suggested that good parenting could make a bigger difference than class to the destiny of a child.
Clegg said: "Parents hold the fortunes of the children they bring into this world in their hands. All parents have a responsibility to nurture the potential in their children. I know, like any mother or father, how difficult it can be to find the time and the energy to help, for example, with your children's homework at the end of a busy day.
But the evidence is unambiguous: if we give them that kind of attention and support when they are young, they will feel the benefits for the rest of their lives. Social Class and School Achievement The American social class system, understood to consist of three broad classes- working, middle, and upper.
It is know that there is a high relationship between social class and educational achievement in America. Social-Class Categories Most social scientists believe that populations can be classified within a number of social-class groups, which differ in their economic, social, and political interests and characteristics.
One of the most commonly used classifications for social groups in the United States was developed in the s by W. Lloyd Warner and his associates at the University of Chicago. Warner and his colleagues frequently used four variables occupation, education, income, and housing value to classify individuals and families in five groups: upper class; upper middle class; lower middle class; upper lower class; and lower lower class. Individuals very high in occupational prestige, amount of education, income, and housing value are high in socioeconomic status SES ; they are viewed by others as upper class persons and are influential and powerful in their communities.
Conversely, persons low in socioeconomic status are viewed as lower class. Today the term working class is more widely used than lower class, but social scientists still generally use measures of occupation, education, and income to describe three to six levels of SES. II-c Working class- is generally divided into upper working class skilled manual workers, such as craftspersons and construction workers.
II-d Underclass- generally resembles the lower working class. Social Class and College Attendance Social class is associated with many educational outcomes in addition to reading achievement. Cognitive and Verbal skills Differences in cognitive and verbal skills in particular reflect social-class differences in family language environments.
The relatively wide and diverse experience of the middle-class child is important in developing cognitive and verbal skills, but advantages centering on the language used in the home are probably even more important. Language in the home Snow and her associates have reported that working-class mothers are less likely than middle class mothers to establish productive conversational routines and to provide responsive talk that helps children improve in abstract language.
Victor Gerkas reviewed fifty years of research on social-class differences in socialization and concluded that working-class parents are more likely to: 1 Emphasize physical punishment rather than reasoning, shame and guilt; and 2 stress didactic teaching-learning, rather than self-regulated, independent learning. Social-class patterns not universal It is important to emphasize that socialization differentials such as those described above reflect average differences across social-class groups, not universal patterns that distinguish all middle-class families from all working-class families.
Thus, many working-class families do provide a home environment that is conducive to achievement, and the great majority of low-income parents try to provide their children with a positive learning environment. Nevertheless, differences in home environment and the difficulties that go along with poverty hamper the intellectual development of many working-class children.
Pre school Experience According to the theory, education to compensate-or make up- for environmental disadvantages can do the most good at an early age, since the cognitive abilities of the child are developed at a rapid rate.
Stimulation in the home The language variables of abstraction, verbalization, and vocabulary are found to be correlated significantly with social class, race, and grade level. But it does clearly imply that it is more difficult to effect changes for older children, and that a more powerful environment is needed to effect these changes.
Environmentalist View By the s, most social scientists took the environmentalist position that environment is more important than heredity in determining intelligence. Environmental Factors Environmentalists continue to conduct research and report data they believe indicate that environment is much more important than heredity in determining intelligence.
Hereditarian View The hereditarian point of view underwent a major revival in the s and s, based on the writings of Arthur Jensen, William Shockley, and Richard Herrnstein. Basing their data on a review and reanalysis of previous research, as well as on their own studies, they each concluded independently that heredity is the major factor in determining intelligence-accounting for up to 80 percent of the variance. Do Schools Make a Difference? Traditional Versus Revisionist Interpretations Growing recognition during the past few decades of the strong relationship between social class and school achievement has led to a fundamental disagreement between those who support the traditional view of the role and function of schools in our society and those who accept one another variation of what is frequently called the revisionist view.
The traditional view perceives the educational system as established and, to substantial degree, functioning successfully to provide economically disadvantaged students with meaningful opportunities for social and economic advancement. Revisionists, by way of contrast, believe that the schools fail to provide most disadvantaged students with meaningful chance to succeed in society.
Revisionist View This group of observers contends that the upper middle class has successfully conspired to enhance its own proper and prestige relative to lower-class and minority groups, both immigrants and native-born Americans. Discrimination built into the social class system Many of the revisionists also believe that the educational system has been set up specifically to produce disciplined workers at the bottom of the class structure.
Traditional View From this point of view, each individual is afforded the opportunity to succeed in elementary and secondary schools and go to college. The traditional view admits that schools serve as screening device to sort different individuals into different jobs. Along with recognizing marked differences in individual abilities, the traditional view recognizes that certain qualities lead to success in school and asserts that these are related to qualities that make the individual more productive on job.
Integration refers to situations in which students of different racial groups not only attend schools together, but effective steps have been taken to accomplish two of the underlying purposes of desegregation: 1 To overcome the achievement deficit and other disadvantages of minority students and 2 To develop positive interracial contacts and relationships.
Attention has shifted during the past three decades from simply placing students in desegregated schools to bringing about productive integration that provides equal and effective educational opportunity for students of all backgrounds. Much remains to be done, however, to fully achieve both desegregation and integration. Compensatory Education An improved school environment with remedial programs and special activities-believe that it can compensate for many of the disadvantages experienced by these students and can result in more effective learning and greater educational achievement.
In , the six EFA goals, covering all aspects of basic education from early learning and adult literacy to education quality, were formalized at the World Education Forum in Dakar, with a target to achieve the goals by All persons who failed to acquire the essential competence to be functionally literate in their native tongue, in Filipino, and in English. All children aged six should enter school ready to learn and prepared to achieve the required competencies for Grades 1 to 3.
Education for all should enable everyone to speak in the vernacular, Filipino and English. Education should not only develop critical thinking, but also enlarge horizons and inspire self-reflection and hope in every generation. Education for all builds social capital. It makes possible the achievement of certain ends that would not otherwise be attainable in its absence. Cultural values can be a highly productive component of social capital, allowing communities and the whole country to efficiently restrain opportunism and resolve problems of collective action such as individual refusal to serve the public good, etc.
Education for all is really about assuring the capacity to fully exercise freedom by all. Classroom Management Emphasis on guidance and personal development Example: Preparing the students to for democratic citizenshipPreparing students for vocation Example: The development of reading skills The appreciation of the art Example: The student will understand mathematical computations.
They will use paper and pencil , show all the work on the spaces provided, and finish within 30 seconds. Theyshouldbemeasurable and observable. We cannot process tax exempt orders online. If you wish to place a tax exempt order please contact us. Add to cart. Sales tax will be calculated at check-out.
Free Global Shipping. Description Psychological Foundations of Education presents some of the principles of psychology that are relevant to learning and teaching. It presents an alternative answer to the problem of the bifurcation of general and educational psychology in the curriculum of teacher preparation. Also covered are the assessment of educational achievement, the social psychology of the classroom, and education in urban schools.
This text should have a variety of uses in classes where students are preparing for teaching. It was written specifically for those situations in which the prospective teacher is introduced to psychology through a one- or two-semester integrated sequence.
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